Fume

Fume is a term used to describe fine solid particles dispersed in air as a suspension, produced when a material is vaporized and the vapor then condenses into solid form. Fumes are typically formed in high-temperature processes where volatile substances are generated and quickly cooled, causing condensation into very small particles. They are distinguished from smoke, which consists primarily of combustion-derived aerosols, and from vapor, which refers to a gas or vapor phase rather than solid particulates.

In industrial and occupational contexts, fumes commonly arise from metalworking, welding, and refining. Metal fumes form when metal is heated to high temperatures, vaporizes, and oxidizes or otherwise condenses into tiny solid particles. These particles can be readily inhaled and may irritate the respiratory tract. Examples include zinc oxide fumes from galvanizing or welding, copper fumes, and cadmium fumes. Fume formation is not limited to metals; certain chemical reactions can produce volatile compounds that later condense into alveolar-sized particles.

Health and safety considerations focus on exposure reduction and protection. Inhalation of fumes can cause acute effects, such as metal fume fever, as well as longer-term consequences depending on the material. Controls commonly used include local exhaust ventilation, general ventilation, fume hoods, and appropriate personal protective equipment. Monitoring and adherence to occupational exposure limits help manage risks in workplaces where fumes are produced or encountered.