Fulbe

The Fulbe, or Fulani, also known as Fula, are a widespread West and Central African ethnic group. They are among the continent’s largest ethnic communities, with populations across the Sahel and adjacent savannas. The term Fulbe is their autonym; Fulani and Fula are exonyms used in various languages. They are found from Senegal and Guinea to Chad and Cameroon, with large populations in Nigeria, Mali, Niger, and Mauritania.

The Fulbe speak the Fula language (Fulfulde), which has many dialects, including Pulaar and Fulani varieties. The language is part of the Niger-Congo family. Culturally, the Fulbe are known for their traditional pastoralist lifestyle, though many are also farmers, traders, or urban residents. A central aspect of Fulbe culture is Pulaaku, a code of conduct emphasizing self-control, patience, modesty, and hospitality. The Mbororo are a well-known subgroup of pastoral Fulani.

Historically, Fulbe groups originated in the savannas of West Africa and became influential in trans-Saharan trade networks. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Fulani-led jihads established several Muslim states, most notably the Sokoto Caliphate in the region of northern Nigeria and surrounding areas, and the Massina Empire in Mali. Islam is the predominant religion, with Sufi orders such as Qadiriyya and Tijaniyya playing significant roles in religious life.

In contemporary times, Fulbe communities are increasingly urbanized and integrated into modern nation-states. Education and political participation vary by country, and in some regions competition for land and resources between pastoralist Fulbe and farming communities has led to tensions.