Frankincense

Frankincense is a resin collected from trees of the Boswellia genus, notably Boswellia sacra, B. serrata, B. carterii, and B. frereana. The oleogum resin is formed when incisions are made in the tree bark, causing droplets to exude and harden into tear-shaped beads or “tears.” The resin has a characteristic, aromatic fragrance and has been valued for incense, perfumery, and traditional medicine for millennia.

Geography and sources: frankincense is primarily harvested in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Boswellia sacra, a key source in Oman’s Dhofar region, is especially renowned. Boswellia serrata from India is another important source. Different species yield resins with slightly distinct aromas and resin contents, influencing regional trade and use.

Harvesting and production: tapping is followed by collection of the hardened tears, which are cleaned and graded by size and scent. The resin may be used as is or distilled to produce essential oils for perfumes and aromatherapy.

Uses and constituents: frankincense is used as incense in religious ceremonies, in perfumery, and as a component in cosmetics and aromatherapy. Its volatile oils and resin acids, including boswellic acids, contribute to its scent and proposed pharmacological properties. While some studies explore anti-inflammatory effects of boswellic acids, clinical evidence remains inconclusive.

History and significance: frankincense was a major trade commodity in ancient times, linked to Egypt, India, and the Arabian trading networks, and it appears in historical and religious texts. Today its production continues alongside concerns about sustainable harvesting and biodiversity.