Fosfaattirakenteet
Fosfaattirakenteet refer to the various chemical structures that contain phosphate groups (–PO₄³⁻) as key components. In biochemistry, phosphate groups are essential for the structural integrity and functional regulation of macromolecules. The backbone of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA consists of alternating sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) and phosphate residues linked by phosphodiester bonds. These bonds confer the polymer's negative charge and influence duplex stability, supercoiling, and interactions with proteins.
Energy transfer in cells relies heavily on phosphate ester bonds. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate
Phosphate groups are also integral to membrane biochemistry. Phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, contain a
Oxygen atoms can form multiple oxidation states with phosphorous, yielding mono‑, di‑, and tri‑phosphate esters. Structural
In cell signaling, phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues on proteins modulates enzyme activity, protein–protein
Understanding fosfaattirakenteet is fundamental to fields ranging from structural biology to pharmacology, as many drugs target