Fortifikaatiot
Fortifikaatiot (fortifications) are military constructions designed to protect places, people, or forces from enemy action. They encompass a range of works, from permanent stone fortresses and city walls to field works such as trenches and earthworks. Their primary purpose is to deter, delay, or deny hostile action, concentrate defensive fire, and protect logistical nodes.
Types and components: Permanent fortifications include forts, fortress complexes, defensive lines, coastal batteries, and border fortifications.
History: Fortifications evolved from simple earth and timber works in antiquity to stone castles in the medieval
Modern relevance: In contemporary warfare, fortifications are less likely to decide campaigns but remain important for
Examples: The Maginot Line (France) exemplifies 20th-century fixed defense; numerous medieval castles and city walls illustrate