Formations

Formations are terms used in different domains to denote a recognizable arrangement, grouping, or unit.

In geology and stratigraphy, a formation is the fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy: a body of rock with a distinctive lithology that can be mapped over a region. Formations are bounded by contacts with other rock units and are named for a geographic locality or feature. They may be subdivided into members and beds, and their age is inferred from fossils and dating methods.

In the military sciences, a formation is the planned arrangement of troops or vehicles for movement and combat. Common formats include line, column, echelon, and square, each with different advantages for maneuver, fire control, and terrain.

In sports, formation refers to the arrangement of players on the field or court. Soccer and football coaches select formations such as 4-4-2 or 3-5-2 to balance defense and attack; formations can be fluid, changing during play in response to the opponent.

In other contexts, the term describes the process by which something is created or organized, such as star formation in astronomy or the formation of crystals in materials science, reflecting the general sense of an organized structure or pattern.