Flegma

Flegma is the Italian term for phlegm, the thick mucus produced by the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. It is a normal protective secretion that helps trap dust, microbes, and other particles and is cleared from the airways by coughing or swallowing.

In medical contexts, flegma refers to the sputum or mucus expectorated from the lungs or airways. It is produced by goblet cells and submucosal glands and serves to lubricate the airways and participate in immune defense. Its composition includes water, mucins (glycoproteins), ions, cellular debris, and immune cells.

The appearance and consistency of flegma can vary with health status. Clear and thin sputum is common in mild or noninfectious conditions, while thicker, white, or yellow sputum can occur with viral infections or inflammation. Green sputum may indicate a bacterial component, and blood-tinged sputum can signal irritation or more significant pathology. A foul odor, persistent discoloration, or associated chest pain or fever may warrant medical evaluation.

Clinical assessment often involves examining the symptoms and, when needed, analyzing sputum to help diagnose infections or other respiratory conditions. Management focuses on addressing the underlying cause, maintaining hydration, and relieving symptoms. Expectorants, humidified air, and rest are common supportive measures, but persistent or severe symptoms—especially in children, older adults, or individuals with chronic lung disease—should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Historically, the term derives from Latin phlegma and Greek phlegma, linking flegma to the ancient concept of the bodily humors. In modern medicine, it denotes respiratory mucus and its relevance to health and disease.