Ferrocarriles

Ferrocarriles, or railways, are a system of transportation using tracks on which locomotives pull rolling stock such as passenger coaches and freight wagons. A railway network comprises track, rolling stock, stations, signaling, and operating centers. It enables efficient bulk movement of goods and people over land, with varying speeds and capacities.

Rail transport emerged in the early 19th century in Britain with steam locomotives, spreading rapidly to Europe, the Americas, and elsewhere. Standardization of gauge and signaling followed; electrification began in the late 19th and expanded in the 20th century; diesel traction replaced some steam operations; high-speed rail appeared in the late 20th century.

Track gauge varies widely; the most common is standard gauge (1435 mm). Some regions use broad gauge, meter gauge, or narrow gauge, affecting compatibility. Electrification uses overhead lines or third rails, while diesel traction can operate on non-electrified lines. Signaling ranges from traditional semaphore to modern automatic block and ETCS in Europe.

Railways are typically operated by state-owned or private companies; infrastructure is often owned by a separate entity (in many countries). Regulation covers safety, tariffs, and access. International rail networks rely on border controls and interoperability standards; cross-border services require compatibility of rolling stock and voltage systems.

Railways contribute to regional development, reduce road congestion and emissions, and are central to freight and passenger transport. Ongoing modernization includes electrification expansion, high-speed corridors, and digital signaling.