FGF21

Fibroblast growth factor 21, often abbreviated as FGF21, is a protein encoded by the FGF21 gene. It is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family and acts as a hormone. FGF21 plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism and energy homeostasis. It is primarily produced by the liver but can also be found in other tissues like adipose tissue and muscle.

This hormone circulates in the bloodstream and binds to specific FGF receptors, often in conjunction with the beta-klotho co-receptor. This binding initiates signaling pathways that influence various metabolic processes. FGF21 is known to promote glucose uptake in adipocytes and to suppress hepatic glucose production. It also plays a role in lipid metabolism, increasing fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis.

FGF21 secretion is influenced by nutritional status. Fasting or a low-carbohydrate diet typically leads to increased FGF21 levels, signaling the body to utilize stored fat for energy. Conversely, feeding, particularly a high-carbohydrate meal, tends to suppress FGF21 production. Research has highlighted FGF21's potential therapeutic applications in metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, due to its multifaceted effects on glucose and lipid metabolism.