FFAR4

FFAR4, also known as GPR43 or free fatty acid receptor 4, is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These SCFAs, such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are produced by the gut microbiota during the fermentation of dietary fiber. FFAR4 plays a significant role in various physiological processes, including energy homeostasis, inflammation, and glucose metabolism.

The FFAR4 receptor is primarily expressed in adipose tissue, immune cells, and the gastrointestinal tract. Upon binding of SCFAs, FFAR4 initiates signaling pathways that can influence lipogenesis, adipocyte differentiation, and insulin secretion. In adipose tissue, FFAR4 activation is associated with increased lipid storage and improved insulin sensitivity. In immune cells, it can modulate inflammatory responses, often exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects.

Research suggests that FFAR4 is involved in the regulation of appetite and satiety. Its presence in the gut and its response to dietary components indicate a role in nutrient sensing and signaling between the gut and the brain. Dysregulation of FFAR4 signaling has been implicated in metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, making it a potential therapeutic target. Further studies are ongoing to fully elucidate the complex roles of FFAR4 in health and disease.