Extrakt

Extrakt, or extract, is a preparation that concentrates selected constituents from a biological source by removing other components. The term is used across food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Extracts are typically produced by solvent extraction, in which a liquid solvent dissolves target compounds and the solvent is then removed to yield a concentrated product. Common solvents include ethanol and water, but methanol, acetone, and other solvents may be used; for some processes, green methods such as supercritical carbon dioxide extraction are employed. Plant-based extracts are especially widespread and may be labeled as tinctures, infusions, decoctions, or standardized extracts, depending on preparation method and degree of concentration. Essential oils are volatile extracts obtained by steam distillation or cold pressing; other extracts concentrate nonvolatile constituents such as polyphenols, alkaloids, or terpenes.

Applications of extracts span many sectors. In foods and beverages, extracts provide flavor and aroma, as seen with vanilla or citrus extracts. In pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, standardized extracts aim to deliver defined amounts of active constituents. In cosmetics, plant extracts are used for fragrance, color, and perceived therapeutic properties.

Quality, regulation, and safety considerations are central. Extract products may be standardized to marker compounds to ensure consistency between batches. Labeling typically discloses the solvent used and may specify residual solvent limits. Regulatory requirements vary by jurisdiction and region. Storage is typically cool and dark to preserve activity and prevent degradation. Solvent residues, potential allergens, and the presence of unwanted constituents require careful sourcing and quality assurance from reputable suppliers.