Expropriated

Expropriated is an adjective describing property or assets that have been taken by a government or public authority through expropriation, a power also known as eminent domain in some jurisdictions. It is used to acquire private land or other resources for public use or public purpose, such as infrastructure, housing, or environmental protection, with compensation paid to the owner.

Legal framework typically requires statutory or constitutional authorization, a legitimate public use or necessity, due process, and a mechanism to determine compensation. Owners are generally entitled to prompt, adequate compensation based on fair market value, and in some systems additional damages or relocation costs. Decisions can often be reviewed in court or through administrative appeals.

Process usually involves notice to the owner, appraisal of the property, negotiation of terms, and transfer of title upon payment or court order. If agreement cannot be reached, the authority may proceed with compulsory acquisition through legal channels. Planning, environmental, or public consultation requirements may also apply in some regions.

Variations by jurisdiction include terminology and scope. The term expropriation is common in civil-law countries, while common-law jurisdictions often use eminent domain; the United Kingdom sometimes uses compulsory purchase for certain acquisitions. International investment law may impose standards for fair treatment and compensation when state actions affect foreign investors.

Criticism centers on potential infringements of property rights, political manipulation, and concerns about adequacy of compensation; proponents argue it enables essential public projects and economic development. Notable debates include the scope of police power and public benefit requirements, as seen in cases such as Kelo v. City of New London (2005) in the United States and subsequent reforms in various jurisdictions.