Executif

Executif is a term used in political science and organizational governance to denote the body or individuals responsible for executing laws and managing the day-to-day affairs of a state or organization. In common usage, it refers to the executive branch of government or to top-level managers in a company or institution.

In the political sense, the executive is distinct from the legislative and judicial branches. Its primary functions are to implement laws, administer public policy, conduct foreign affairs, and oversee the administration of government programs. The scope and concentration of executive power vary across systems and periods, influencing accountability, checks and balances, and the relationship with the legislature.

Different constitutional models shape the nature of the executive. In parliamentary systems, the executive is typically formed from legislators and is accountable to the parliament, with a prime minister or equivalent as the head of government and a head of state in a largely ceremonial role. In presidential systems, the president is usually elected separately and acts as both head of state and head of government, with powers defined by a constitution. Semi-presidential systems combine elements of both, allocating powers between a president and a prime minister.

In organizational contexts, the term executive also refers to top management roles and bodies, such as an executive committee or board of executives, responsible for strategic direction and high-level decision-making. The exact composition, powers, and duties of executive offices depend on the jurisdiction, constitution, corporate bylaws, and organizational charter.