Ethnonationalism

Ethnonationalism is a form of nationalism in which the nation is defined primarily by ethnicity. It holds that political community and state legitimacy should reflect a shared ethnic identity, often based on language, culture, ancestry, and religion. In ethnonationalist thought, membership in the political community is closely tied to belonging to the defined ethnic group, and political rights may be framed as rights of that group rather than universal individual rights.

Historically, ethnonationalism arose with the modern nation-state and the idea of self-determination, particularly in Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. It has since appeared in many multiethnic states and post-colonial contexts, sometimes as a response to perceived threats to a minority or to competing national claims. Ethnonational movements may pursue inclusive projects within a state or advocate for independence or autonomy for a defined ethnic homeland.

Key features often include emphasis on birthright or lineage, language as a central marker of belonging, education and cultural policies designed to foster a cohesive ethno-national identity, and, in some cases, restrictive citizenship or migration rules. Ethnonationalism can be peaceful, seeking greater recognition or autonomy within existing institutions, or exclusionary, aiming to privilege one group at the expense of others. Critics argue that ethnonationalism can undermine liberal democracy and minority rights, increase social fragmentation, and, in extreme cases, contribute to conflict or coercive population policies.

See also nationalism, ethnic conflict, self-determination, secession.