Estrogeeni

Estrogeeni is the term used in some languages to refer to estrogens, a group of steroid hormones essential for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system, as well as other physiological processes. The most prominent natural estrogens are estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3). They are produced mainly by the ovaries in premenopausal individuals, with additional production by the placenta during pregnancy and by adipose tissue and the adrenal glands.

Estrogens are synthesized from androgens through the action of the aromatase enzyme. They exert their effects by binding to estrogen receptors, principally ER alpha and ER beta, and influence cells through genomic mechanisms that regulate gene transcription as well as rapid, non-genomic signaling pathways. Their actions are widespread, affecting reproductive tract development, the menstrual cycle and fertility, bone density, lipid metabolism, cardiovascular health, and brain function.

In clinical practice, estrogens are used in hormone replacement therapy to treat menopausal symptoms and in combination with progestogens for contraception or to protect the endometrium in certain therapies. They are also involved in transgender hormone therapy and in the management of specific hypogonadism conditions. The use of estrogens is balanced against risks that can include thromboembolism, stroke, breast and endometrial cancer risk (varying with dose and duration), nausea, and other side effects. Routes of administration include oral, transdermal, and vaginal, with pharmacokinetics and effects varying accordingly.