Encomienda

Encomienda was a grant by the Crown of Spain to a colonist or group of colonists that granted the right to extract labor and tribute from Indigenous communities in a specified territory. In exchange, the encomendero was obliged to provide protection and to instruct the indigenous in the Christian faith. The system arose in the early period of Spanish colonization of the Americas and became a central mechanism for organizing labor in mining, agriculture, and other enterprises, particularly in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Peru.

Practically, Indigenous communities were subjected to forced labor and tribute, often under harsh conditions. The encomienda was not hereditary, in theory, but in practice heredity and long-term control arose. The Crown justified the system as a means to protect natives and convert them, but abuses were widespread. Critics such as Bartolomé de Las Casas denounced the exploitation.

Reforms began with the New Laws of 1542 intended to limit or abolish hereditary encomiendas and regulate labor; enforcement was uneven, and the system persisted in various forms. Over time, many encomiendas were replaced by repartimiento and later by the hacienda system, and by the late colonial era the formal encomienda had largely faded, though its effects and legal forms lingered in some regions. The encomienda left a lasting impact on indigenous communities and the colonial economy, shaping patterns of labor, land tenure, and social hierarchy in Spanish America.