Emissionsintensive

Emissions-intensive describes activities, sectors, or processes that generate a high level of greenhouse gas emissions relative to a unit of economic output or activity. Emissions intensity is typically expressed as emissions per unit of output (for example, CO2e per ton of product) or per unit of energy input, and is distinct from total emissions, which depend on production scale.

The term is common in climate policy and economic analysis to identify sectors that face higher costs or stricter regulation under carbon pricing, and to justify targeted support or border adjustments. Sectors commonly labeled as emissions-intensive include cement, steel, aluminium, petrochemicals, fertilizers, and oil refining, as well as energy-intensive electricity generation. In practice, authorities sometimes group sectors as emissions-intensive and trade-exposed (EITE) to determine eligibility for exemptions, rebates, or transition assistance.

Defining boundaries is challenging; lifecycle vs scope, different accounting methods, and product-level vs process emissions complicate measurement. Critics warn that focusing on emissions intensity can overlook absolute emissions or growth in demand, potentially incentivizing trade diversion. Policy responses emphasize decarbonization options such as energy efficiency, switching to low-carbon energy sources, process innovations, electrification, and carbon capture and storage or utilization. The concept also informs comparative assessments and cost-benefit analyses of climate policies.