Elmotoren

Elmotoren are electrical machines that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy through electromagnetic interactions. They are ubiquitous in industry and daily life due to their ability to provide controllable torque and speed. A typical elmotor has a stator that produces a stationary magnetic field and a rotor that turns to generate rotation. The interaction between the magnetic field and current in conductors or magnets creates torque.

There are several main families. DC motors use a commutator and brushes to switch current in the rotor windings, offering high starting torque and good speed control but requiring maintenance. AC motors include induction motors, where the rotor is a short-circuited winding, and synchronous motors, whose rotor rotates in step with the stator field. Brushless DC motors are electronically commutated and known for high efficiency and quiet operation. Stepper motors provide precise positional control, while universal motors can run on AC or DC and are common in portable tools.

Performance is described by torque, speed, power, efficiency, and power factor. Control methods include variable frequency drives for AC motors and dedicated motor controllers for DC and BLDC machines, with sensor-based or sensorless commutation.

Elmotoren cover a wide power range, from fractions of a watt in small appliances to hundreds of megawatts in industrial drives and large machinery. They power pumps, fans, conveyors, machine tools, robotics, and electric vehicles, and are central to modern manufacturing and transport. Ongoing advances focus on efficiency, cooling, and high-performance magnets and materials.