Efterbörd

Efterbörd refers to the placenta and fetal membranes expelled after birth. It marks the end of the third stage of labor, during which the placenta detaches from the uterine wall as the uterus contracts and is expelled through the birth canal. In modern obstetric care, active management of the third stage of labor—typically including a uterotonic medication such as oxytocin and controlled cord traction—facilitates timely placental separation and reduces the risk of postpartum hemorrhage. The expulsion usually occurs within 5 to 30 minutes after birth, though timing can vary.

After delivery, the placenta and membranes are examined to ensure they are intact. A complete expulsion is important because retained placental tissue can lead to heavy bleeding and infection. Retained placenta is commonly defined as placental tissue remaining in the uterus after a specified period (often about 30 minutes) or requiring manual removal. In such cases, treatment may involve uterine massage, antibiotics, and sometimes manual removal under anesthesia.

The placenta is a disc-shaped organ, typically weighing about 400–600 grams at term, with the fetal side facing outward and the maternal side showing cotyledons. Pathological findings such as infarctions or calcifications may be seen, especially in older pregnancies or with certain complications.

Complications related to efterbörd include retained placental tissue, placenta accreta spectrum, uterine atony, and infection. A careful examination of the placenta helps diagnose problems that could affect the mother's health in the postpartum period.