Efik

Efik are an ethnolinguistic group native to the Cross River region of southern Nigeria, with communities also found in nearby states and in southern Cameroon. They speak Efik, a Niger-Congo language in the Ibibio–Efik sub-branch, closely related to Ibibio and Annang. The Efik form a distinct cultural group within the broader Cross River area and maintain a strong regional identity.

Historically, the Efik established the Old Calabar area and developed the Ekpe secret society, which played a central role in social, economic, and political life. Through riverine trade along the Cross River, Efik towns became important trading centers from the 17th century onward, engaging with Portuguese, British, and other European traders. In the 19th century, colonial influence expanded, and Calabar became a focal point for commerce and missionary activity. The Efik were active participants in abolitionist movements and the spread of Christianity in the region.

Culture and religion within Efik society include traditional beliefs that honor ancestors and spirits, as well as the use of nsibidi, a symbolic script associated with Ekpe and related communities. The Ekpe leopard society continues to influence ritual life, art, and governance. Efik cuisine is notable, with dishes such as afang and edikaikong. Music, masquerades, and festival calendars contribute to a vibrant cultural heritage.

Today, the majority of Efik reside in Nigeria, particularly in Cross River State around Calabar and nearby towns, with a diaspora in Cameroon and beyond. The Efik language remains widely spoken, and there are ongoing efforts to document and promote it in education and media. The community participates in broader Nigerian society while maintaining distinct cultural practices.