ECMsignalen

ECMsignalen refer to the signals that arise from interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is a complex network of proteins and polysaccharides that provides structural support as well as biochemical cues. ECM signaling encompasses both signal transduction initiated by cell surface receptors binding ECM ligands and the presentation or release of growth factors stored within the matrix.

Key players include structural ECM molecules such as collagens, laminins, fibronectin, and elastin, along with proteoglycans and matricellular proteins that modulate signaling. The primary receptors are integrins, but other receptors such as discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) and CD44 also contribute. Engagement of integrins with ECM ligands triggers intracellular cascades involving focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Src family kinases, and downstream pathways such as MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt, as well as cytoskeletal changes via Rho GTPases. Through these pathways, cells interpret ECM composition, stiffness, and organization, coordinating adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. The matrix also binds and stores soluble factors (TGF-β, VEGF, FGFs) and growth factors that can be released or made available upon remodeling, enabling regulated signaling.

ECM signaling is essential in development, tissue homeostasis, and wound healing, but its dysregulation contributes to fibrosis, cancer invasion, and metastasis. Matrix remodeling by enzymes such as MMPs and cross-linking by lysyl oxidase alters ligand availability and mechanical cues, reshaping signaling networks.