E280

E280 is the European Union designation for propionic acid (propanoic acid), a short-chain carboxylic acid used as a preservative in food processing. The compound occurs naturally in small amounts in certain dairy products and fermented foods and is produced industrially for commercial use.

Propionic acid has the formula C3H6O2 and is a colorless liquid with a sharp, penetrating odor. It is miscible with water and is often used in the form of its salts, notably sodium propionate (E281) and calcium propionate (E282), which are commonly preferred for handling and application in foods.

As a preservative, propionic acid and its propionates inhibit mold growth and many bacteria, helping to extend shelf life in bread and other baked goods, as well as in some dairy products, processed meats, and snack foods. It is also used as a feed additive in animal nutrition. The salts are frequently chosen for their better handling properties and reduced odor in finished products.

Regulation and safety aspects vary by jurisdiction, but propionic acid and its salts are widely approved for use as food additives within specified limits. Generally, exposure at approved levels is considered safe for the target applications. Higher concentrations can cause irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, and ingestion of large amounts may lead to gastrointestinal discomfort. As with many additives, sensitive individuals may experience adverse reactions, though such cases are uncommon.

Related substances include sodium propionate (E281) and calcium propionate (E282).