DualProcessModelle

DualProcessModelle, or dual-process models, are theoretical frameworks in psychology and cognitive science that posit two distinct modes of information processing guiding perception, judgment, and decision making. The two systems are typically characterized as System 1 and System 2. The framework distinguishes two processing modes: System 1, fast, automatic, and heuristic-based; and System 2, slow, effortful, and rule-driven, engaging working memory.

In many formulations, System 2 can monitor or override System 1, but interactions are common. The approach highlights that quick judgments are efficient yet prone to biases under fatigue, cognitive load, or motivation.

Prominent relatives include the Elaboration Likelihood Model and the Heuristic-Systematic Model in persuasion research; other domains include problem solving and moral judgment.

Applications of DualProcessModelle span education, health communication, risk assessment, and interface design. Critics argue that the dichotomy is overly simplistic, that processes operate on a continuum, and that the evidence for strict separation is mixed.

Nevertheless, DualProcessModelle remain influential for understanding when people rely on intuition versus reflection and how cognitive demands shape judgment.