Drgawki

Drgawki is the Polish term for convulsions or seizures, episodes of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that cause involuntary movements, changes in awareness, or sensory disturbances. They can be generalized, affecting the whole brain, or focal, starting in one area and possibly spreading.

Common types include generalized tonic-clonic seizures (formerly called grand mal), absence seizures (petit mal), myoclonic seizures, atonic seizures, and focal seizures with or without impairment of awareness.

Causes vary. Epilepsy is the most common cause of recurrent unprovoked drgawki. Other triggers and conditions include febrile seizures in children, head injury, infections such as meningitis or encephalitis, brain tumors, stroke, metabolic disturbances (hypoglycemia, hyponatremia), withdrawal from alcohol or sedatives, medication effects, and exposure to toxins.

Evaluation typically includes a detailed history and physical examination, sometimes from witnesses; electroencephalography (EEG) to detect abnormal brain activity; and brain imaging (MRI or CT) to identify structural problems when indicated. Blood tests may identify metabolic or infectious causes.

First aid during a seizure emphasizes safety: protect from injury, cushion the head, loosen tight clothing, and time the episode. Do not put objects in the mouth or try to restrain movements. If the seizure lasts more than five minutes, is followed by another seizure without recovery, or if there is injury or breathing difficulty, seek urgent medical care. After the event, place the person on their side and monitor recovery.

Treatment focuses on underlying cause and seizure control. Acute management in the community may involve benzodiazepines to stop ongoing seizures. Long-term treatment usually uses antiseizure medications; for seizures resistant to medication, options include epilepsy surgery, vagus nerve stimulation, or responsive neurostimulation, as well as lifestyle adjustments to reduce triggers.