Drenaj

Drenaj, or drainage, is the process of removing excess water from soil, surfaces, or structures to control moisture. It is used in agriculture, urban planning, and construction to prevent waterlogging, improve soil aeration, protect foundations, and manage salinity and erosion.

Drenaj systems are typically categorized as surface drainage, which removes water via channels or ditches, and subsurface drainage, which uses buried perforated pipes or tiles to drain water from the soil profile. Subsurface drainage is common in heavy clay soils to lower the water table and improve root zone conditions.

Key components include drains (perforated pipes or tiles, sometimes clay or plastic), trenches, outlets, filters or geotextiles, and backfill materials such as gravel. Design considerations include soil texture and hydraulic conductivity, land slope, depth of water table, climate, and land use. The choice of materials and layout depends on local conditions and drainage coefficients.

In agriculture, drenaj improves crop yield and reduces weed growth; in civil engineering, it protects foundations and roadbeds; in horticulture and landscaping, it improves plant health. Maintenance involves keeping outlets clear, inspecting for leaks, replacing failed pipes, and ensuring filters remain effective. Environmental considerations include preventing contamination of groundwater and complying with local regulations.