Diwans

Diwan (also divan) is a term with several related meanings in Middle Eastern, Central Asian, and South Asian cultures. The most common senses in English are as a piece of furniture, a governmental or administrative body, and a literary collection.

Furniture sense: A divan is a long upholstered sofa or daybed, often without arms, placed against a wall or used to seat several people. In traditional interiors of the Ottoman and Persian spheres, it may include a low frame and numerous cushions. The word has given rise to the English term divan as a sofa; diwans can be found in living rooms, reception areas, and courtyards.

Govermental/administrative sense: Historically, a divan was the central government council or a department headed by a vizier or minister. In the Ottoman Empire, the Divan was the imperial council and also referred to various state departments (divan-ı hümayun); in Persian and Indian polities, the diwan was a high-ranking official responsible for revenue, administration, or finance. The term has persisted in some contexts as a title or office.

Literary sense: A diwan is a collection of a poet’s works, typically arranged by publication or theme. In Persian, Urdu, Turkish, and other literatures, a diwan gathers ghazals, odes, and other poetry, sometimes with a signature dedication.

Surname/title: Diwan also appears as a surname and given name, reflecting its historical use as a government office or position.

Used in plural as diwans or divans depending on sense.