Dinitrato

Dinitrato, or dinitrate in English, is a term used in chemistry to describe a compound that contains two nitrate groups. In organic chemistry this designation often refers to two nitrate ester groups formed by the esterification of a diol or other substrate with nitric acid derivatives. Dinitrate esters are a common class of compounds and can be found in pharmaceuticals as well as in energetic materials.

Notable examples include isosorbide dinitrate, a diester of isosorbide that is widely used as an antianginal medication due to its vasodilating effects. Glyceryl dinitrate (glycerol dinitrate) is another diester derivative of glycerol. By contrast, glyceryl trinitrate, or nitroglycerin, contains three nitrate groups and is famous both as a powerful explosive and as a medicinal vasodilator. Dinitrate esters are thus encountered in both medical and energetic contexts.

In medicinal chemistry, dinitrate esters release nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle, producing vasodilation. They are commonly formulated for routes such as sublingual, oral, or transdermal administration, depending on the compound and desired effect. In materials and energetic chemistry, dinitrate esters can serve as intermediates or additives; some derivatives are explored for their performance as propellants or plastics.

Preparation of dinitrate esters generally involves nitration of a suitable diol under strongly acidic conditions to form the two nitrate ester groups. Safety considerations are important: nitrate esters are energetic and can be sensitive to heat, shock, or friction, and they can function as oxidizers. Appropriate storage and handling are essential.

See also: nitrates, nitrate esters, glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate.