Diabetesretinopati

Diabetesretinopati is a complication of diabetes mellitus caused by damage to retinal blood vessels due to chronic hyperglycemia; it affects the retinal microcirculation and can lead to vision impairment.

It is categorized into non-proliferative (background) and proliferative forms; non-proliferative features include microaneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates; proliferative disease features neovascularization; macular edema may occur at any stage and is a leading cause of vision loss.

Risk factors include duration of diabetes, poor glycemic control (high A1C), hypertension, dyslipidemia, pregnancy; smoking; incidence increases with age.

Diagnosis by dilated fundus examination; imaging with OCT and fluorescein angiography; screening recommendations for annually for diabetics, more frequent if risk factors.

Management focuses on systemic control (glycemic, BP, lipids) and eye treatments: laser photocoagulation for proliferative disease or macular edema, anti-VEGF injections, intravitreal steroids, vitreoretinal surgery in some cases; regular follow-up.