Dhaivatam

Dhaivatam, also called dhaivata, is the sixth swara (note) in the octave of Indian classical music. In the standard octave, the sequence is Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa, placing dhaivatam between Pancham (Pa) and Nishad (Ni). In Hindustani practice the note is commonly rendered as Dha, while in Carnatic music it is referred to as dhaivata or dhaivatam.

The term dhaivatam derives from Sanskrit dhaivatam, meaning the sixth. In Carnatic theory, dhaivata is the sixth svara and is used to anchor melodic improvisation and intonation within various ragas. In practice, it is treated as a core pitch within the scale, utilized with characteristic gamakas and ornamentation across different ragas.

Tuning and variants: Across Hindustani and Carnatic systems, dhaivatam appears as one of the fixed seven svaras, with intonational nuances that vary by raga. While the basic pitch is consistent within an octave, performers color dhaivatam with microtonal embellishments and phrasing unique to each musical context.

Role in music: Dhaivatam provides color and tension to melodic phrases, especially in relation to Pancham and Nishad. It helps establish the tonal framework of a raga and contributes to the upward and downward movement that characterizes Indian classical improvisation and composition.

See also: Swara, Indian classical music, Carnatic music, Hindustani music.