Detergenties

Detergents are cleaning agents designed to remove dirt, grease, and stains from fabrics, dishes, surfaces, and industrial equipment. They work primarily through surfactants that lower water’s surface tension and form micelles, which trap oily substances so they can be rinsed away. Unlike traditional soaps, many detergents stay effective in hard water.

Detergents are widely categorized into laundry detergents, dish detergents, and general-purpose cleaners. Laundry formulations often include enzymes to break down proteins, starches, and fats, as well as bleaching agents and optical brighteners. Dish detergents emphasize grease-cutting surfactants and may contain enzymes or rinse aids. All-purpose cleaners combine surfactants with solvents and builders for multipurpose use.

Common ingredients include surfactants (anionic, nonionic, cationic, and amphoteric), builders or water-softeners, enzymes, bleaches, polymers, fragrances, and dyes. They are produced in powders, liquids, gels, and single-dose tablets or pods, and can be formulated for cold-water cleaning, stain removal, or fabric care.

Environmental and health considerations have guided product design and regulation. Phosphates have been restricted in many regions due to eutrophication concerns, leading to phosphate-free formulations. Biodegradable surfactants and safer builders have increased in prevalence, and labeling requirements help inform users of safe handling and disposal.

Safety and handling: keep detergents away from children, follow usage instructions, and avoid mixing with bleach or ammonia. Store in a cool, dry place and dispose of packaging according to local rules.