Dekongestantteja

Dekongestantteja are medicines used to relieve nasal congestion caused by colds, allergies, or sinusitis. In Finnish, dekongestantteja is the plural form for decongestants. They work by constricting blood vessels in the nasal mucosa, which decreases swelling and improves airflow. They are available in oral forms, such as pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine, and in topical forms, including nasal sprays or drops with oxymetazoline, xylometazoline, or tetrahydrozoline. Some decongestants are also combined with other medicines in multi-symptom formulations.

Indications for use include temporary relief of nasal congestion; they do not cure the underlying illness and are typically used during acute colds or seasonal allergic rhinitis. Mechanistically, oral decongestants have systemic effects and slower onset, while topical sprays act within minutes but should not be used for more than a few days to prevent rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa). Pseudoephedrine can elevate blood pressure and cause stimulant-like symptoms; phenylephrine is often milder but may be less effective for some individuals.

Safety and contraindications: avoid in uncontrolled hypertension, cardiovascular disease, arrhythmias, glaucoma, or severe kidney or liver disease. Caution is advised during pregnancy and lactation, and in people taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors or certain antidepressants. Use with caution in older adults and those with BPH or thyroid disorders. Side effects can include increased blood pressure, tachycardia, insomnia, anxiety, headache, and dry mouth; nasal sprays may cause local irritation and rebound congestion with prolonged use.

Special considerations: pseudoephedrine is regulated in many countries due to misuse potential. For children, dosing differs by age and product, and caregivers should follow labeling instructions.