Dekongestan

Dekongestan are medicines used to relieve nasal congestion caused by colds, allergies, or sinusitis. They reduce swelling of the nasal mucosa by constricting blood vessels (vasoconstriction), improving airflow. Dekongestants can be taken orally (systemic) or applied directly to the nose as sprays or drops (topical).

Common oral agents include pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine. They provide more widespread relief but may raise blood pressure and cause insomnia or anxiety. Topical decongestants, such as oxymetazoline, xylometazoline, or phenylephrine nasal solutions, act quickly but are intended for short-term use only to avoid rebound congestion.

Use should be limited to short durations, typically not more than three to five days for nasal sprays. Prolonged use can cause rhinitis medicamentosa, a condition of persistent congestion. They can interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and other stimulants, and may worsen hypertension, heart disease, or glaucoma. Adverse effects include dry mouth, palpitations, nervousness, and sleep disturbance.

Regulatory considerations vary by country; in many places, the sale of certain decongestants (notably pseudoephedrine) is restricted or requires identification and a prescription. They are generally not recommended for young children without medical advice and should be used only as directed.