Dehydrataatioa

Dehydrataatioa, or dehydration, is a condition in which the body loses more water than it takes in, leading to a deficit of body fluids that impairs normal function. Dehydration is commonly classified by the osmolality of body fluids: isotonic dehydration (proportional loss of water and electrolytes), hypertonic dehydration (more water loss than electrolytes), and hypotonic dehydration (more electrolytes lost than water). Clinically it is described as mild, moderate, or severe based on symptoms, vital signs, and laboratory findings.

Causes include gastroenteritis with vomiting or diarrhea, fever, heavy sweating, heat exposure, inadequate fluid intake, burns, and certain medicines such as diuretics. Infants, young children, older adults, and people with chronic illnesses are at higher risk because they have less resilient fluid balance and may not communicate thirst effectively.

Symptoms range from thirst, dry mouth, and reduced urination to dark-colored urine, dizziness, and fatigue. Severe dehydration may cause rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, confusion, fainting, sunken eyes, and very dry skin. Diagnosis relies on history and exam, with laboratory tests (electrolytes, urea/creatinine, plasma osmolality) helping determine severity and type.

Treatment depends on severity and ability to take fluids. Mild to moderate dehydration is usually treated with oral rehydration solutions containing water, salts, and glucose. Severe dehydration or inability to drink requires intravenous fluids, typically isotonic saline or Ringer's lactate, and treatment of the underlying cause. Prevention emphasizes regular fluid intake, especially during illness or heat, and prompt replacement of losses.