Degradative

Degradative is an adjective describing processes, reactions, or agents that cause degradation—the breakdown of complex substances into simpler components. In science, degradative refers to mechanisms that reduce the integrity, functionality, or value of a material or molecule through chemical, biological, or physical means.

In biology, degradative processes are largely catabolic, converting macromolecules into smaller units that can be reused or expelled. Degradative enzymes catalyze bond-cleaving reactions such as hydrolysis and oxidation. Examples include proteases that digest proteins, lipases for fats, nucleases for nucleic acids, and glycosidases for carbohydrates.

In environmental contexts, biodegradation is degradative, carried out by microorganisms that mineralize organic matter. Degradation pathways can be aerobic or anaerobic and involve enzymes such as oxygenases, hydrolases, and dehydrogenases. The rate and extent of degradation depend on temperature, pH, moisture, and nutrient availability.

In materials science, degradative processes affect polymers, metals, and fuels. Photodegradation, thermal degradation, hydrolytic degradation, and oxidative degradation can weaken materials and alter properties. Stabilizers, antioxidants, and protective coatings are commonly used to slow degradative changes.

See also: degradation, biodegradation, catabolism, hydrolysis, oxidation.