Decarbonisering

Decarbonisering, or decarbonization, is the process of reducing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from an economy in order to achieve net-zero or near-zero emissions by a specified date. It involves transforming energy systems, transport, industry, buildings, and land use to rely on low- or zero-emission technologies and practices. Decarbonisering is a central objective of international climate policy, including the Paris Agreement, which seeks to limit global warming and move economies toward net-zero emissions by mid-century for many regions.

Core strategies include shifting to low-carbon energy sources such as renewables and, where appropriate, nuclear power; electrifying end-use sectors; improving energy efficiency; and switching fuels from fossil to low-emission options. Technologies that remove or offset carbon, such as carbon capture, utilization or storage, and negative-emission approaches like certain bioenergy with CCS and afforestation, may also play a role. In industry, decarbonisering involves alternative production processes, hydrogen-based pathways, and process improvements. In transport, electrification of vehicles, sustainable fuels, and modal shifts reduce emissions. Buildings can contribute through efficiency gains, heat pumps, and smarter energy management. Land use and agriculture can support decarbonisering via sustainable practices and restoration.

Policy instruments commonly used include carbon pricing or cap-and-trade systems, technology and efficiency standards, subsidies or public investment for clean technologies, and policies that phase out fossil fuels. Achieving decarbonisering requires grid expansion and storage, system integration, and attention to social and economic impacts on workers and communities. Global progress varies by country and region, reflecting differences in resources, policy commitments, and infrastructure.