Dampf

Dampf is the gaseous state of water that forms when liquid water is heated above its boiling point at a given pressure. It consists mainly of water molecules in the gas phase and is commonly accompanied by small droplets when it is not fully dry, creating mist.

At atmospheric pressure, water boils at 100°C, producing saturated steam in equilibrium with liquid water. If the gas is heated further without condensation, it becomes dry or superheated steam, with properties approaching those of an ideal gas. The energy required to vaporize liquid water is the latent heat of vaporization, about 2,260 kJ per kilogram at 100°C.

Steam is produced in boilers, steam generators, and heat exchangers and is used to transfer thermal energy. In power plants, steam drives turbines that generate electricity. In manufacturing, steam is used for propulsion, heating, sterilization, cleaning, and processing.

In German, the word Dampf denotes this state of matter. It appears in compound terms such as Dampfmaschine (steam engine), Dampfkraft (steam power), and Dampflok (steam locomotive). The concept has played a central role in the industrial revolution and in various technologies since the 18th century.

For safety and efficiency, steam systems require pressure control, insulation, and protection against scalding and pressure hazards. Materials and equipment are selected to withstand high temperatures and pressures, and valves regulate flow and release excess pressure.