Dégradation

Dégradation is the process by which something deteriorates in quality, condition, or function. The term is used across disciplines to describe progressive decline rather than a single event, and it can refer to physical materials, natural systems, social structures, or data. The context determines the specific mechanisms and indicators involved.

Environmental degradation denotes the depletion or destruction of natural resources and ecosystems due to human activities and natural pressures. Examples include deforestation, soil erosion, water and air pollution, loss of biodiversity, and climate-related impacts. It often reduces the provision of ecosystem services such as food, clean water, and climate regulation.

Material degradation refers to the deterioration of substances and structures over time. Processes include aging, corrosion, wear, fatigue, and chemical attack. Effects include reduced strength, reliability, and safety. Mitigation involves maintenance, protective coatings, material selection, design for durability, and monitoring of service life.

Social and moral degradation describes perceived declines in social cohesion, institutions, norms, or governance. Indicators may include health and education outcomes, inequality, crime levels, or political stability. The term is used in discourse about urban decay, policy effectiveness, and long-term resilience, though its interpretation can be contested.

Digital or data degradation covers loss of data integrity and degradation of storage media over time. Causes include bit rot, fragmentation, and device wear. Countermeasures include backups, redundancy, error-correcting codes, and regular refresh and validation of data archives.