Csections

Cesarean section, commonly abbreviated as C-section, is a surgical delivery method in which a baby is removed through incisions in the mother's abdomen and uterus. It is performed when vaginal delivery would pose risk to the mother or baby, when there is a medical condition affecting pregnancy, or when labor does not progress as expected. Rates vary globally.

Indications include obstructed or prolonged labor, fetal distress, malpresentation such as breech, placental problems (previa or accreta), placental abruption, and certain maternal health conditions. C-sections can be scheduled in advance (elective) or performed emergently during labor if the situation changes or deteriorates.

The procedure is usually performed under regional anesthesia (spinal or epidural); general anesthesia is used in some cases. The most common incision in the abdomen is a low transverse cut, paired with a horizontal uterine incision. Vertical or “classical” uterine incisions may be used in rare circumstances, such as when access is limited or with certain fetal positions.

Risks for the mother include infection, heavy bleeding, damage to surrounding organs, blood clots, and reactions to anesthesia. Newborn risks include transient breathing difficulties. Recovery generally requires a hospital stay of several days and a longer period of limited activity and wound care compared with vaginal birth. Future pregnancies carry increased risk of uterine rupture and placenta problems.

Cesarean delivery can influence subsequent pregnancies, with some people attempting vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) when appropriate. The decision is guided by prior incision type, medical history, and the presence of new pregnancy risks. Advances in surgical technique and anesthesia have improved safety for both mother and child.