Corticoid

Corticoid refers to steroid hormones that are produced by the cortex of the adrenal glands or that mimic the action of these natural hormones. The term is most often used in the context of synthetic medicines that resemble adrenal corticosteroids and are employed to treat a wide variety of conditions. Corticoids are divided into two main classes: glucocorticoids, which primarily influence carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism; and mineralocorticoids, which mainly regulate sodium, potassium and water balance.

The active natural glucocorticoids are cortisol (hydrocortisone) and corticosterone, while the main mineralocorticoid is aldosterone. These hormones are synthesized from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic steps in the adrenal cortex, with the zona fasciculata producing glucocorticoids and the zona glomerulosa producing mineralocorticoids. Synthetic corticoids include prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone and methylprednisolone, which differ in potency, duration of action and receptor affinity. Mineralocorticoid‑inspired drugs such as fludrocortisone are used to treat salt‑loss disorders.

Clinically, corticoids are prescribed for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (for example asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease), allergic reactions, dermatologic conditions, and as part of immunosuppressive regimens for organ transplantation. They are employed—often in high doses—for short periods to control severe symptoms, because long‑term use can lead to adverse effects such as osteoporosis, adrenal suppression, weight gain, hypertension, mood changes and increased susceptibility to infection. The therapeutic dose is carefully balanced against these risks, and tapering protocols are standard after extended courses.

Research continues to refine corticoid therapy. Novel drug delivery systems such as intranasal sprays and transdermal patches aim to reduce systemic exposure. Additionally, studies investigate the selective modulation of glucocorticoid receptors and the development of compounds that preserve anti‑inflammatory benefits while minimizing metabolic side effects.