Collagenrelated

Collagen-related describes anything connected with collagen, the main structural protein of connective tissue in animals. Collagen provides tensile strength to skin, bone, tendon, cartilage and blood vessels and forms a major part of the extracellular matrix. More than 28 collagen types have been identified, with types I, II and III being the most abundant in humans, each serving distinct tissues and functions.

Collagen biosynthesis begins in cells such as fibroblasts as procollagen, which undergoes post-translational modifications including hydroxylation of lysine and proline and subsequent triple-helix formation. Vitamin C is essential for hydroxylation. Secreted procollagen is processed to mature collagen and assembles into fibrils that cross-link through lysyl oxidase, giving strong, resistant fibers.

In tissue remodeling, collagen turnover involves cycles of synthesis and degradation governed by enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases. Ultrastructure and cross-linking patterns influence tissue mechanics, while imbalances can contribute to fibrosis, scarring, aging and disease.

In medicine and industry, collagen-based materials are used as scaffolds in tissue engineering, wound dressings and cosmetic applications. Collagen can be hydrolyzed to peptides for supplements, though oral bioavailability and efficacy vary. Historically, collagen injections have been used as soft tissue fillers.

Collagen-related disorders include inherited connective tissue diseases such as Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and osteogenesis imperfecta, while age-related collagen decline contributes to skin thinning and joint stiffness.

Regulation of collagen products varies by region; dietary supplements and biomaterials are subject to safety and labeling standards, with quality concerns arising from source, processing methods and potential contaminants.