Clariidae

Clariidae, commonly known as airbreathing catfishes, is a family of freshwater catfishes within the order Siluriformes. Members are best known for their suprabranchial (air-breathing) organ, which allows them to gulp atmospheric air and survive in waters with low dissolved oxygen. The group includes several genera, with Clarias and Heterobranchus being among the most prominent in Africa and Asia.

Geographic range and habitat: Clariids are distributed primarily across Africa and Asia, inhabiting rivers, swamps, floodplains, and other stagnant or slowly moving waters. Their tolerance for hypoxic environments makes them common in wetlands and seasonal pools.

Morphology: Clariids typically have elongated bodies, reduced or absent scales, and prominent barbels around the mouth. A long dorsal fin often runs along much of the back to the caudal fin, and the anal and pectoral fins are well developed. The characteristic air-breathing organ is located in a suprabranchial chamber above the gills.

Behavior and ecology: These catfishes are generally nocturnal and opportunistic feeders, consuming fish, invertebrates, detritus, and plant material. The best-known species, such as the walking catfish (Clarias batrachus), can move short distances over land by wriggling with their pectoral fins, aiding dispersal in seasonal wetlands.

Reproduction and human use: Reproductive strategies vary by species, but many spawn in nests or sheltered sites, with some exhibiting parental care. Clariids are important for food fisheries and aquaculture, notably Clarias gariepinus in Africa and Clarias batrachus in Asia. Some species have been introduced elsewhere, sometimes with invasive impacts. Conservation status varies among species, with habitat loss and overfishing posing threats in some regions.