ChloroformFumigationExtration

Chloroform fumigation refers to the controlled use of chloroform (CHCl3) as a fumigant to kill pests in enclosed spaces and commodities. Historically, chloroform vapors were employed to eradicate insects in stored products, timber, textiles, and to sanitize transit containers. The method relies on volatile vapors that diffuse through packing materials and affect the respiratory systems of pests, leading to toxic effects and death without direct contact with the material.

Chloroform is highly toxic to humans and animals. Acute exposure can cause dizziness, fatigue, headaches, and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract; prolonged or high-level exposure may damage the liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Due to these hazards, chloroform fumigation is tightly regulated in many jurisdictions and is typically performed only by licensed professionals in sealed facilities with gas monitoring, ventilation, and evacuation of personnel. The practice generally requires strict containment, post-treatment ventilation, and air monitoring to ensure safe reentry.

Environmental and regulatory concerns have limited the use of chloroform as a fumigant. Its use has declined in favor of alternatives with lower acute toxicity or different risk profiles, and in many places it is discouraged or prohibited for ordinary pest control. If conducted, it is performed with formal risk assessments and under applicable safety standards. Chloroform fumigation remains a historical example of early chemical pest control and underscores the need to balance effectiveness with human health and environmental safety.