Childhood

Childhood refers to the period of human development from birth through adolescence, typically ending with the onset of puberty or legal adulthood. The exact span varies by culture, law, and context. It is characterized by rapid physical growth, cognitive development, emotional maturation, and social learning.

During childhood, individuals acquire basic skills such as walking and talking, and progressively develop more complex cognitive abilities, problem-solving, and self-regulation. Development is influenced by genetics, care, education, nutrition, and environment. Theories such as Piaget's stages of cognitive development and Erikson's psychosocial stages provide frameworks for understanding how thinking, relationships, and identity form over time.

Childhood is protected by legal and social norms that aim to ensure safety, health, and opportunity. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child outlines rights to life, survival, education, protection from exploitation, and participation. Most countries regulate age of majority, compulsory schooling, child labor, and family welfare to safeguard well-being.

Experiences of childhood vary widely across cultures, economies, and families. Access to nutrition, healthcare, and education shapes outcomes, while poverty, conflict, or displacement can undermine development. Cultural expectations influence parenting styles, play, and notions of childhood, which may differ in duration, responsibilities, and rites of passage.

Contemporary concerns include child poverty, digital safety, mental health, and the impact of globalization. Efforts to improve childhood outcomes focus on health services, quality education, protection from harm, and supportive family environments.