Cementstabilized

Cement-stabilized soil, often referred to as soil-cement, is a construction material produced by mixing Portland cement with soil or aggregate to form a cemented matrix after hydration. The cement binds soil particles, increasing strength, stiffness, and durability while reducing plasticity and swell potential.

Materials and methods vary, but cement content typically ranges from about 2 to 10 percent by dry weight, depending on soil type and target strength. Portland cement is common, with supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash or slag used to substitute part of the cement in many designs. Mixing can occur in the field with portable or plant-mixed equipment, and the moisture content is adjusted toward an optimum for compaction and hydration. Curing conditions, drainage, and temperature influence the development of strength and long-term performance.

Applications of cement-stabilized mixtures include subgrade and base stabilization for roads, highways, runways, and industrial pavements, as well as rigid pavements, shoulders, and backfill for foundations. They may also be used to stabilize slopes or to form cement-stabilized earth blocks for walls in some climates.

Performance and design considerations emphasize benefits such as higher bearing capacity, reduced settlement, faster construction, and greater resistance to wetting and frost cycling. Limitations include brittleness at low strains, potential shrinkage cracks if curing is inadequate, and sensitivity to excessive moisture or drought. Design relies on geotechnical testing to meet target strengths and stiffness, with quality control focusing on uniform mixing, proper moisture, compaction, and adequate curing.

Environmental aspects note that cement production emits CO2; incorporating supplementary cementitious materials and optimizing cement content can reduce environmental impact while long-term performance depends on soil properties, drainage, climate, and maintenance.