Celluloses

Celluloses refers to the family of cellulose polymers and their derivatives, which are the primary structural polysaccharides of many plant cell walls. The core polymer is a linear chain of D-glucose units linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. The chains tend to align and form crystalline microfibrils, stabilized by extensive interchain hydrogen bonding, with other wall components such as hemicelluloses and lignin embedded in a supportive matrix.

In nature, cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth and is produced by plants, algae, and some bacteria. Plant cellulose contributes to rigidity and strength in cell walls, enabling growth and protection. Bacterial cellulose also exists and is notable for its high purity and crystallinity, making it useful in specialty applications. The polymer is highly resistant to dissolution and most common solvents, reflecting its extensive hydrogen-bond network and crystalline structure; it is biodegradable through enzymatic action by cellulases.

Celluloses can be chemically modified to form derivatives, including esters (for example, cellulose acetate) and ethers (such as carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose). Regenerated or dissolved cellulose technologies produce materials like viscose (regenerated cellulose fibers) and lyocell, while cellulose nitrates and other derivatives have historical and niche uses. Microcrystalline cellulose is widely used as a filler and thickener in foods and pharmaceuticals.

Applications of celluloses span paper and textiles to packaging, coatings, and specialty materials. As a renewable, biodegradable polymer, cellulose and its derivatives play a central role in sustainable materials and bio-based industries.