Callipepla

Callipepla is a small genus of quail in the family Odontophoridae, comprising three species of medium-sized, ground-dwelling birds native to western North America and northern Mexico.

The species are California quail (Callipepla californica), Gambel's quail (Callipepla gambelii), and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata).

Adult Callipepla are compact, ground-foraging birds with relatively short tails. The scaled quail is notable for its scaly pattern on the underparts, while the other two species have more varied facial markings and plumage coloration.

Distribution and habitat vary by species. California quail occurs in coastal and interior California and adjacent areas. Gambel's quail is common in the desert Southwest and northern Mexico. Scaled quail ranges across arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico. They inhabit brushy grasslands, oak savannas, and other semi-arid habitats, typically favoring cover for roosting and nesting.

Behavior and diet involve primarily ground foraging for seeds, buds, fruits, and insects. They form coveys outside the breeding season and are often resident in their habitat, with movements linked to food availability and weather.

Reproduction takes place on the ground, with nests concealed in vegetation. Clutch size and incubation period vary by species and region, and the young are precocial, leaving the nest shortly after hatching and joining the family group as they grow.

Conservation status varies regionally but these species are generally not considered globally threatened. Habitats affected by agriculture and development can impact local populations, but overall Callipepla species remain common in suitable ranges.