Calicotome

Calicotome is a small genus in the legume family (Fabaceae), within the tribe Genisteae. It comprises a few thorny, evergreen shrubs native to the Mediterranean region. The best-known species are Calicotome spinosa and Calicotome villosa. Plants are characterized by dense, spiny branches and often reduced or absent leaves, adaptations to dry environments. Flowers are typical papilionaceous and usually bright yellow, arranged in short inflorescences; the fruit is a legume that contains seeds.

Distribution and habitat: Calicotome is native to the Mediterranean basin, including parts of southern Europe, North Africa, and the Levant. It commonly occurs in scrub and garrigue on calcareous or well-drained soils, often in rocky or disturbed sites. The genus tolerates drought and poor soils and is well-adapted to hot, dry summers.

Ecology and uses: Like other legumes, Calicotome species fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules, contributing to soil fertility in degraded or nutrient-poor habitats. They provide nectar for pollinators and form part of regional plant communities in Mediterranean ecosystems. In horticulture, Calicotome is used in drought-tolerant and xeriscape plantings, hedges, and erosion control where conditions are harsh. Fire ecology varies by site, but some populations can resprout after disturbance, while seeds may require specific conditions to germinate.

Taxonomy notes: The genus includes several recognized taxa, with Calicotome spinosa and Calicotome villosa among the commonly cited species. Some classifications treat certain taxa as synonyms or subspecies of one another, reflecting ongoing taxonomic discussions.

See also: Genisteae; list of Fabaceae genera.