Caddoan

Caddoan refers to a cultural and linguistic group of Native American peoples who historically inhabited parts of what is now the southwestern United States, primarily in the Arkansas River basin and the Red River valley. The Caddoan people were organized into a confederacy of numerous tribes, each with its own leadership and customs, but sharing a common language family and many cultural traits. They were known for their sophisticated horticultural practices, cultivating crops such as maize, beans, and squash. Their villages were often large and permanent, characterized by well-constructed earthen mounds used for ceremonial and burial purposes. These mounds are a significant archaeological indicator of Caddoan presence and influence.

The Caddoan economy was based on agriculture, supplemented by hunting and gathering. They were skilled artisans, producing intricate pottery, tools, and ornaments. Trade networks were extensive, connecting them with other indigenous groups across a wide geographical area. European contact began in the 16th century, leading to significant cultural and demographic changes for the Caddoan peoples, including displacement and assimilation. Despite these challenges, elements of Caddoan culture and identity persist among their descendants today. The term "Caddoan" is also used to refer to the Caddoan languages, a group of related indigenous languages spoken by these peoples.