C12H10O3

C12H10O3 is a molecular formula that denotes any organic compound containing 12 carbon atoms, 10 hydrogen atoms, and 3 oxygen atoms. The formula corresponds to a family of constitutional isomers rather than a single specific structure.

Because the formula allows multiple arrangements, there is no unique structure for C12H10O3. The eight degrees of unsaturation suggested by the formula indicate a highly unsaturated framework, commonly compatible with aromatic rings and carbonyl or ether functionalities. In practice, isomers may feature a biphenyl-type backbone or other two-ring systems, with the three oxygens distributed among carbonyl groups, ether linkages, or hydroxyl or ester groups.

Within this formula, possible substructures include diaryl ketone- or ester-type motifs, as well as aryl ethers or aryl-hydroxyl derivatives. The exact functional groups and connectivity determine the compound’s properties, reactivity, and potential applications. Because many isomers share the same formula, properties such as melting point, solubility, and color can vary widely among members of this family.

Applications and research relevance depend on the specific structure. Compounds with this formula may be studied as intermediates in organic synthesis, components of dyes or fragrances, or targets in medicinal chemistry, depending on how the rings and oxygen-containing groups are arranged. Identifying a particular isomer requires spectroscopic analysis, including NMR, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, sometimes complemented by X-ray crystallography.

See also: molecular formula, isomerism, biphenyl, aromatic compounds.