Brihadeshvara

Brihadeshvara is a Sanskrit compound meaning “Great Lord.” The term is used as an epithet for several major deities in Hindu tradition, most notably Shiva in the context of the Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur. In this temple the presiding deity is called Brihadesvarar, reflecting the supreme status of the lingam and the divine greatness of its form.

In classical literature Brihadeshvara functions both as a religious title and a proper name. One well‑known bearer of the name is the 10th‑century Kannada Shaiva poet‑scholar Brihadesvara Suri (c. 942–1010). He wrote several important works, including a commentary on the Shiva Pancharatra and a poetic collection that illustrates the devotional practices of the time. Another figure, the 13th‑century mathematician and astronomer Mandana Mishra, is sometimes referred to as Brahma‑Brihadeshvara in certain regional traditions, though details of his life remain scarce.

Epigraphic evidence shows the name used by Chola rulers as both a royal title and a designation of divine patronage. The Chola inscriptions of the 11th and 12th centuries frequently mention “Brihadesvara” as a mark of sovereignty and spiritual legitimacy. The presence of the name in these records underscores its dual role as a signifier of political authority and pious devotion.

Etymologically, brihat (great) combined with ishvara (lord) conveys supreme greatness, a quality attributed to the highest divinities in Hindu theology. The phrase therefore appears in Vedic hymns, medieval hymnals, and contemporary devotional practice as a respectful address to a supreme being.